Definition
Also written: rel=canonical, canonicalisation
A canonical URL is the address a site nominates as the authoritative version of a page when several URLs serve equivalent content. It is declared with a rel="canonical" link element, and it is a strong hint to search engines rather than a directive they are obliged to follow.
Duplicate or near-duplicate URLs happen without anyone deciding to create them: tracking parameters, pagination, filter combinations, trailing slashes, HTTP and HTTPS, www and non-www.
Google can and does choose a different canonical than the one declared, usually when the declared target does not closely match the page or when internal linking points elsewhere consistently.
The usual error
Where this goes wrong in practice
Pointing every paginated page at page one. Pages two onward then have no indexable identity, and the items only listed there stop being discoverable through that route.
Related terms
Search engine optimization (SEO)
Search engine optimization is the practice of making a site easier for search engines to crawl, index, understand and rank, so that pages appear for queries the business can actually serve. It covers technical access, information architecture, content quality, internal linking, authority signals and the measurement that tells you which of those moved.
Definitionhreflang
hreflang is an annotation that tells search engines which language and regional variant a page is intended for, so the right version is served to the right audience. Annotations must be reciprocal — every page in a set references every other, including itself.
DefinitionCrawl budget
Crawl budget is the number of URLs a search engine will fetch from a site in a given period, set by how much load the server can absorb and how much demand the engine has for the site’s content. It becomes a practical constraint mainly on large sites.
DefinitionBreadcrumbList schema
BreadcrumbList markup describes a page’s position in the site hierarchy as an ordered list. Google uses it to replace the raw URL in a result with a readable trail, which is one of the few rich results that still reliably renders.
DefinitionE-E-A-T
E-E-A-T stands for experience, expertise, authoritativeness and trustworthiness — the framework Google’s human quality raters use to assess page and site quality. Google states it is not itself a ranking factor; it describes what the systems are being tuned to approximate, and it matters most on topics that affect money or wellbeing.
DefinitionFAQ schema
FAQ schema (schema.org FAQPage) marks up question-and-answer content so machines can read the pairs. It is still a valid schema type, but Google discontinued the FAQ rich result for nearly all sites starting in May 2026, with phased removal from Search Console tooling through that August.
DefinitionFeatured snippet
A featured snippet is a short extract Google promotes above the standard results to answer a query directly, drawn from a page already ranking for it. Formats include a paragraph, an ordered or unordered list, and a table, and the format Google chooses follows the shape of the query.
DefinitionGoogle Business Profile (GBP)
Google Business Profile is the free listing that makes a business eligible for the map pack and the knowledge panel in local results. It requires verification, and it requires either a physical address customers can visit or a declared service area for businesses that travel to customers.
DefinitionInternational SEO
International SEO is the work of making a site discoverable across multiple countries or languages: choosing a URL structure, signalling language and region, researching demand in each market’s own vocabulary, and adapting content to local buying behaviour and regulation.
Definition